Degu



The degu (Octodon degus, /ˈdeɪɡuː/) is a small caviomorph rodent that is endemic to central Chile.

It is sometimes referred to as the brush-tailed rat, and is also called the common degu, to distinguish it from the other members of the genus Octodon. Other members are also called degus, but they are distinguished by additional names. The name "degu" on its own, however, indicates either the genus Octodon or, more usually, O. degus. Degus are in the parvorder Caviomorpha of the infraorder Hystricognathi, along with the chinchilla and guinea pig. The word degu comes from the Mapudungun dewü (mouse, rat).[2]

Description
The degu is a small rodent with a body length of 25.0 to 31.0 centimetres (9.8–12.2 in) and a weight of 170 to 300 grams (6.0 to 11 oz). It has yellow-brown fur above and creamy-yellow below, with yellow around the eyes and a paler band around the neck. It has a long, thin tail with a tufted black tip, dark sparsely-furred ears, and pale grey toes. Its fifth toe is small with a nail, rather than a claw, on the forefeet. Its hindfeet are bristled. Its cheek teeth are shaped like figures-of-eight, hence the degu's genus name "Octodon".[3]

Social behavior
Three degus keeping warm at Artis Zoo, NetherlandsDegus are highly social. They live in burrows, and, by digging communally, they are able to construct larger and more elaborate burrows than they could on their own.[4] Degus digging together coordinate their activities, forming digging chains.[5] Females living in the same group have been shown to spontaneously nest communally;[6] [7] they nurse one another's young. They spend a large amount of time on the surface, where they forage for food.[5] When foraging, their ability to detect predators is increased in larger groups,[8] and each animal needs to spend less time in vigilance. Degus exhibit a wide array of communication techniques. They have an elaborate vocal repertoire comprising up to 15 unique sounds,[9] and the young need to be able to hear their mother's calls if the emotional systems in their brains are to develop properly.[10] They use their urine to scent mark,[11] and experiments have shown that they react to one another's marks,[12] although in males the hormone testosterone may suppress their sense of smell somewhat.[13]

Degus are seasonal breeders; the breeding season for wild degus begins in the Chilean autumn when there is roughly 12 hours light:12 hours darkness,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13">[14] with pups born in early to mid spring.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14">[15] Female degus are pregnant for approximately ninety days,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Woods1975_2-1">[3] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15">[16] having a comparatively long gestation period compared to other non-caviomorph rodents. Female pregnant weight varies over the course of gestation and according to litter size;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Long2009_16-0">[17] litters contain an average of six pups,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Eb2002_5-1">[6] but size can range from one or two up to twelve young.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Long2009_16-1">[17] Degu pups are born relatively precocial, fully furred and with eyes open, and their auditory and visual systems are functional at birth.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17">[18] Unlike most other rodents, male degus also take part in protecting and raising their pups until they are old enough to leave the family.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18">[19]

Unlike some other octodontids, degus are diurnal<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kenagy2002_19-0">[20] (active during the day), and they have good vision. Their retinas include rod cells and two types of cone cells, corresponding to peak sensitivity in the green and ultraviolet regions of the spectrum.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20">[21] Behavioral experiments have shown that degus are able to discriminate ultraviolet light from the wavelengths visible to humans; it is likely that this ultraviolet sensitivity has a social function, since both their ventral (stomach) fur and their urine are highly UV reflective.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21">[22]

Diet
Degus use their forepaws to hold food whilst eatingDegus are strictly herbivorous, in the wild feeding on grasses and browsing the leaves of shrubs, though they will also take seeds.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22">[23] Throughout much of the year forage is dried<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kenagy2002_19-1">[20] and so degus are specially adapted to a very high fibre intake,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23">[24] and this varies between food types and environmental conditions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24">[25] Like some other herbivores such as rabbits, they perform coprophagy (faecal reingestion) so as to extract more nutrition from their diet.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kenagy1999_25-0">[26] This also serves to maintain healthy gut function during times when food is scarce.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kenagy1999_25-1">[26] Although they are active by day, in high summer they do not leave their burrows in the middle of the day<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kenagy2002_19-2">[20] and instead emerge to forage in the mornings and evenings.

Perhaps the most remarkable feature of degu physiology is their intolerance of dietary sugar. Degus have been found to have a divergent insulin structure (one of the hormones that regulates blood glucose level) and so are highly susceptible to developing diabetes mellitus when fed regularly on a diet containing free sugars.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26">[27] This is thought to be due to evolutionary pressure arising from the lack of availability of free sugars in the degu's natural environment.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27">[28] Because of this, the ingredients of non-degu specific hard feed formulations given to captive degus should be checked for free-sugar substances, such as molasses, honey and glucose syrup.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[citation needed]

Research subjects
Degus are extremely intelligent and have a good ability to solve problems.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Okanoya_2008_e1860_28-0">[29] This individual has a much shorter tail than normal, almost certainly due to injury.Degus entered the research spotlight due to their unique relationship with sugar and diabetes, but are also studied for a wide variety of other reasons. Neuroscientists at the Riken Institute in Tokyo, Japan, used degus for research into tool use in animals with good eye-and-paw coordination, in which they spontaneously learned to use a tiny rake to retrieve out-of-reach seeds.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Okanoya_2008_e1860_28-1">[29] Degus have also been found to spontaneously stack objects in order of decreasing size.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29">[30] In both cases it is the first time these behaviours have been recorded in animals other than apes and birds.

Another interesting area of degu research is circadian rhythm function, i.e. the ability of the brain to tell what time of day it is. Degus have the ability to show both diurnal and nocturnal rhythms if the environment permits,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30">[31] allowing a unique opportunity for study. Degus can take cues that do not relate to day length, such as temperature,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31">[32] melatonin levels<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32">[33] and even scents from other degus<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33">[34] to adjust their rhythms.

Degus are also invaluable in development and aging studies. Research has shown that separation anxiety caused by separating pups from their mother from an early age for periods of half an hour or more can cause developmental and behavioural changes in later life, similar to ADHD in humans.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34">[35] In elderly degus, neural markers have been discovered which are remarkably similar to those in humans with Alzheimer's disease,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35">[36] which is the first time this has been seen in a non-human mammal.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[citation needed]

Pets
Captive degus need plenty of space to exhibit a full range of normal behavioursAfter initial interest into degus as research subjects, degus have become popular as pets, though until very recently they were seldom found in pet shops. Their advantages over traditional small pets are their diurnal habits, bubbly personalities, the haired tail (as compared to rats and mice) and their lifespan: they are reported to live up to 13 years under ideal circumstances (though a poor gene pool/genetic background often reduces a pet degu's lifespan significantly).<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[citation needed] The average lifespan of a degu in captivity is typically around 6–8 years of age. One disadvantage of the degu as a pet is their predisposition to chewing, due to their continually growing incisor and molar teeth.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Woods1975_2-2">[3] For this reason degus cannot be housed in plastic-bottomed cages typically found in pet stores. A metal cage with multiple levels made for rats and secured double latches works best. It is important to line the levels with grass mats or a soft fabric so that the degus do not get bumble feet.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[citation needed] Untamed degus, as with most small animals, can be prone to biting, but their intelligence makes them easy to tame. Regular non-predatory handling and food offerings help with this transition. It is important never to try to catch a degu by the tail because it will fall off easily and is painful to the creature. If this occurs it will not grow back. Degus often 'groom' their human owners, by a gentle nibbling action, and readily bond with any person spending time with them. Degus need regular sand baths to keep their coats healthy and free from grease. Chinchilla dust is ideal for this. They should have access to this regularly, preferably two or three times a week, half an hour at a time. Daily sandbathing can make their coats soiled.